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Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович

Организационные подразделения

Организационная единица

Институт интеллектуальных кибернетических систем

Цель ИИКС и стратегия развития - это подготовка кадров, способных противостоять современным угрозам и вызовам, обладающих знаниями и компетенциями в области кибернетики, информационной и финансовой безопасности для решения задач разработки базового программного обеспечения, повышения защищенности критически важных информационных систем и противодействия отмыванию денег, полученных преступным путем, и финансированию терроризма.

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Ушаков

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Вадим Леонидович

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Basic Cognitive Architecture, Systemic Inflammation, and Immune Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
(2019) Ushakov, V. L.; Malashenkova, I. K.; Krynskiy, S. A.; Kartashov, S. I.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
The aims of the project were to study the architecture of the brain's neural networks in the process of perceiving individual stimuli that are personally significant, to evaluate the main parameters of immunity and systemic inflammation, and to relate those to brain damage markers and patterns of cognitive-affective disorders in patients with schizophrenia. Materials and Methods. The study involved 35 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 17 people without cognitive impairment. Clinical information about patients was obtained from the database created in the Alekseev Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No.1, Moscow Department of Health. The immunological arm of the study included the determination of key cytokines, neurotrophic factors, circulating immune complexes, C-reactive protein, cortisol, and immunoglobulins in the blood serum of patients. To study the cognitive functions, original methods of selecting the stimuli and recording the vegetative reactions were used; those allowed for identifying the architecture of neural networks involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Results. In this study, for the first time, changes in humoral immunity and parameters of systemic inflammation were found in patients with schizophrenia. Those changes included an increase in the levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and interferon y, persisted regardless of the duration and nature of the antipsychotic therapy. Moreover, the immunological deviations were associated with the phase of the disease, it indicating their endogenous nature and connection with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Our pilot neuroimaging studies showed the feasibility of using MRI-compatible polygraphy for creating a group of fMRI images suitable for statistical analysis thus providing an objective assessment of physiological reactions to the presentation of personally-significant stimuli (based on keywords and images from the patient's anamnesis). By using this approach, we were able to detect the activation of neural networks in the associative zones of the left cuneus and precuneus and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex of both hemispheres, i.e., the areas responsible for the working memory and processes of consciousness. Conclusion. Important novel data have been obtained on the relations between neurophysiological parameters, the cytokine profile and the immune status in schizophrenia.
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fmri and tractographic studies of cognitive systems in the human brain at the norm and the paranoid schizophrenia
(2019) Orlov, V. A.; Malakhov, D. G.; Maslennikova, A. V.; Arkhipov, A. Y.; Ushakov, V. L.; Kartashov, S. I.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019. This study is aimed at a systematic study of the work of neural networks of the human brain and their architecture in norm and in schizophrenia. To obtain the neurophysiological data, a unique complex of experimental equipment for world-class neurocognitive studies was used. The data obtained showed a significant decrease in the structural connectivity relationships for the rich club coefficient for a group of schizophrenic patients compared with the norm. Perception of emotionally negative visual and audio stimuli related to delusions in patients with schizophrenia does not lead to a significant decrease in BOLD signal as compared with the norm in Calcarine_L, Cerebelum_4_5_R, ParaHippocampal_LR, Precuneus_L, Temporal_Sup_R areas. The differences found in the structural and functional patterns of cognitive-affective disorders can serve as prognostic biomarkers in patients with schizophrenia and will make a significant contribution to the development of high-tech diagnostics in the early stages of mental illness.
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Contrasting human brain responses to literature descriptions of nature and to technical instructions
(2019) Orlov, V. A.; Malakhov, D. G.; Skiteva, L. I.; Zaidelman, L. Y.; Ushakov, V. L.; Kartashov, S. I.; Korosteleva, A. N.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019. The problem of semantic mapping of the brain is one of the urgent problems in human neurocognitive studies. At the present time there are only few studies reported in the world literature, all of which are made on the material and with the participation of English language native speakers. Russian language can thus become the second language for which this kind of research will be carried out, namely, finding out a correspondence between the semantic classes of the Russian vocabulary and the cortical areas responsible for processing these semantic classes when the text is orally presented. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop techniques that allow us to investigate cognitive and neurolinguistic mechanisms of perception and understanding of the continuous text segments in natural language. In this paper, we present data on the comparative mapping of the human brain structures involved in the perception of meaningful texts containing technical instructions and literature descriptions of nature.
Только метаданные
Dear readers!
(2019) Velichkovsky, B. M.; Ushakov, V. L.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
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Architecture of a wheelchair control system for disabled people: Towards multifunctional robotic solution with neurobiological interfaces
(2019) Karpov, V. E.; Malakhov, D. G.; Moscowsky, A. D.; Rovbo, M. A.; Ushakov, V. L.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
© 2019, Privolzhsky Research Medical University. All rights reserved.The aim of the study was to develop a control system for a robotic wheelchair with an extensive user interface that is able to support users with different impairments. Different concepts for a robotic wheelchair design for disabled people are discussed. The selected approach is based on a cognitive multimodal user interface to maximize autonomy of the wheelchair user and to allow him or her to communicate intentions by high-level instructions. Manual, voice, eye tracking, and BCI (brain–computer interface) signals can be used for strategic control whereas an intelligent autonomous system can perform low-level control. A semiotic model of the world processes sensory data and plans actions as a sequence of high-level tasks or behaviors for the control system. A software and hardware architecture for the robotic wheelchair and its multimodal user interface was proposed. This architecture supports several feedback types for the user including voice messages, screen output, as well as various light indications and tactile signals. The paper describes novel solutions that have been tested on real robotic devices. The prototype of the wheelchair uses a wide range of sensors such as a camera, range finders, and encoders to allow operator to move safely and provide object and scene recognition capabilities for the wheelchair. Dangerous behavior of the robot is interrupted by low-level reflexes. Additional high-level safety procedures can be implemented for the planning subsystem. The developed architecture allows utilizing user interfaces with a considerable time lag that are usually not suitable for traditional automated wheelchair control. This is achieved by increasing time allocated for processing of the interface modules, which is known to increase the accuracy of such interfaces as voice, eye tracking, and BCI. The increased latency of commands is mitigated by the increased automation of the wheelchair since high-level tasks can be given less frequently than manual control. The prospective solutions use a number of technologies based on registration of parameters of human physiological systems, including brain neural networks, in relation to the task of indirect control and interaction with mobile technical systems.
Только метаданные
Research of Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Revealing of the Information Concealing by the Person
(2019) Malakhov, D. G.; Orlov, V. A.; Kartashov, S. I.; Kholodny, Y. I.; Ushakov, V. L.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
© 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This work is related to the creation of an MR-compatible polygraph and the development of methods for detecting the hierarchy of neural networks of the cognitive organization of hidden memory markers. At the moment, there is practically no scientific work on lie detection, in which both the classical polygraph and the MRI scanner were simultaneously used. Combining these methods will help increase the probability of recognizing the facts of hiding important information and carry out an objective assessment of the truthfulness of the reported information. This method can also be used to detect the level of resistance of operators for emotional stress, assess the perception of emotional stimuli by subjects in neurocognitive tasks.
Только метаданные
Information Approach in the Problems of Data Processing and Analysis of Cognitive Experiments
(2019) Korosteleva, A.; Mishulina, O.; Ushakov, V.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
© 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. In this paper, information indicators for solving statistical problems at various stages of analyzing psychological test data are analyzed: in the process of detecting and removing from the sample incorrectly formulated test tasks, for grouping participants according to similarity indicators of their answers in test tasks and highlighting participants with unique characteristics. The proposed methodology is illustrated by the data of a psychological test aimed at identifying a person’s ability to spatial imagination, the formation of associative links between objects and the solution of logical problems.
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The Concept of Functional Tractography Method for Cognitive Brain Studies
(2019) Ponomarenko, N.; Kartashov, S.; Ushakov, V.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
© 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The aim of this work is to develop method of functional tractography based on the fast MRI sequence (Multi-Band EPI). It is planned to identify active areas of white matter (active tracts) responsible for the realization of motor function and visual perception. The functional MRI method, universally recognized and quite popular in cognitive brain studies, clearly reveals sources of activity in the gray matter of the brain. Proposed method of functional tractography supposed to make it possible to determine the activity in the deep structures of white matter tracts, which gives a number of advantages in understanding the network interaction of human brain regions among themselves both in healthy people and in patients.
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Two visual systems and their eye movements: A fixation-based event-related experiment with ultrafast fMRI reconciles competing views
(2019) Velichkovsky, B. M.; Korosteleva, A. N.; Pannasch, S.; Helmert, J. R.; Ushakov, V. L.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
© 2019, Privolzhsky Research Medical University. All rights reserved.Studies of active vision in naturalistic scenes show the existence of two classes of eye movements manifested in ambient and focal visual fixations. This finding seems to corroborate with the anatomical separation of two “streams” of visual processing related to localization (dorsal system) or to identification of objects (ventral system). Direct verification of this connection proved to be difficult due to an insufficient resolution of the conventional noninvasive brain-imaging methods. Another hypothesis recently attributed the same observation to the lateralization of global and local attention modes in the right and left hemispheres, correspondingly. Thus, there are two tentative explanations for the brain mechanisms of the same eye movement patterns in free image viewing. Our study aimed at resolution of this controversy. Materials and Methods. 13 healthy subjects (age 21 to 31 years, right handed, 8 females) with normal or corrected to normal vision and without known history of neurological diseases participated in this experiment. Using a combination of ultrafast multi-band fMRI scanning with the fixation-based event-related (FIBER) paradigm of data collection, we measured the brain functional activity in its relation to tasks, a semantic category of the inspected object (houses or faces), brain regions as well as ambient and focal visual fixations during free viewing of complex images with an unprecedently high temporal and spatial resolution. Results. The results unexpectedly showed that both competing hypotheses are confirmed. In line with our early proposal, ambient fixations were accompanied by activation of structures traditionally associated with the dorsal visual pathway, while focal fixations correlated with that of the ventral pathway. At the same time, the second hypothesis also proved to be correct: the activated structures of the dorsal pathway were localized in the right hemisphere and those of the ventral brain networks mainly — albeit not exclusively — in the left hemisphere. Conclusion. The present study for the first time demonstrates pronounced lateralization of both basic brain mechanisms in charge of visual perception and eye movement control in free processing of complex images. This conclusion poses a number of further questions about a possible relation between two modes of active vision and other forms of asymmetries found at different levels of human brain organization.
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A novel methodology for simulation of eeg traveling waves on the folding surface of the human cerebral cortex
(2019) Verkhlyutov, V. M.; Balaev, V. V.; Velichkovsky, B. M.; Ushakov, V. L.; Ушаков, Вадим Леонидович
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019. There is an ample evidence on the existence of traveling waves in the cortex of subhuman animals such as rats, ferrets, monkey, and even birds. These waves have been registered invasively by electrical and optical imaging techniques. Such methodology is not possible in healthy humans. Non-invasive EEG recordings show scalp waves propagation at rates two orders greater than the data obtained invasively in animal experiments. At the same time, it has recently been argued that the traveling waves of both local and global nature do exist in the human cortex. In this article, we report a novel methodology for simulation of EEG spatial dynamics as produced by depolarization waves with parameters taken from animal models. Our simulation of radially propagating waves takes into account the geometry of the surface of the gyri and sulci in the areas of the visual, motor, somatosensory and auditory cortex. The dynamics of the electrical field distribution on the scalp in our simulations is fully consistent with the experimental EEG data recorded in humans.